一、基础对比：Gradle vs Maven

1.1 核心特性对比

1.2 安装与配置对比

Maven 安装流程

wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/maven/maven-3/3.9.6/binaries/apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.zip
unzip apache-maven-3.9.6-bin.zip
export MAVEN_HOME=/path/to/apache-maven-3.9.6
export PATH=$MAVEN_HOME/bin:$PATH
mvn -v  # 验证安装

Gradle 安装优势

wget https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.5-bin.zip
unzip gradle-8.5-bin.zip
export GRADLE_HOME=/path/to/gradle-8.5
export PATH=$GRADLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
gradle -v  # 验证安装

​​Gradle优势：​​

• 守护进程(Daemon)减少JVM启动时间
• 支持Gradle Wrapper(无需全局安装)
• Kotlin DSL提供类型安全

1.3 项目结构对比

Maven 标准结构

my-project/
├── pom.xml
└── src/├── main/│   ├── java/│   └── resources/└── test/├── java/└── resources/

Gradle 标准结构

my-project/
├── build.gradle
├── settings.gradle
└── src/├── main/│   ├── java/│   └── resources/└── test/├── java/└── resources/

​​关键差异：​​

• settings.gradle管理多模块和项目名称
• 构建逻辑在build.gradle而非pom.xml

1.4 构建脚本深度对比

Maven 配置示例

<!-- pom.xml -->
<project><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>my-app</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version><properties><java.version>11</java.version></properties><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId><artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId><version>5.9.3</version><scope>test</scope></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>${java.version}</source><target>${java.version}</target></configuration></plugin></plugins></build>
</project>

Gradle 等效配置

// build.gradle (Groovy DSL)
plugins {id 'java'id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.9.22' // 可选Kotlin支持
}group = 'com.example'
version = '1.0.0'repositories {mavenCentral()
}java {toolchain {languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(11)}
}dependencies {testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.9.3'// Kotlin示例: implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8"
}tasks.withType(Test) {useJUnitPlatform()
}

1.5 多模块项目配置

Maven 多模块配置

<!-- 父pom.xml -->
<modules><module>core</module><module>web</module>
</modules><!-- 子模块pom.xml -->
<parent><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>parent</artifactId><version>1.0.0</version>
</parent>

Gradle 多模块配置

// settings.gradle
rootProject.name = 'my-app'
include 'core', 'web'// web/build.gradle
dependencies {implementation project(':core')// 可添加外部依赖implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:3.1.5'
}

1.6 构建任务对比

1.7 性能优化对比

二、Maven 快速转 Gradle 迁移指南

2.1 自动转换工具

gradle init --type pom

​​交互式配置：​​

Select build script DSL:1: Groovy2: Kotlin
> 2  # 推荐选择Kotlin DSLGenerate build using new APIs and behavior (some may be incompatible with existing scripts)?
> yes

​​生成文件结构：​​

.
├── build.gradle.kts       # 主构建脚本
├── settings.gradle.kts    # 项目配置
├── gradlew                # Unix构建脚本
├── gradlew.bat            # Windows构建脚本
└── gradle/                # Gradle包装器

2.2 手动调整关键配置

依赖作用域映射表

​​修正示例：​​

dependencies {// 修正Servlet API依赖compileOnly("javax.servlet:javax.servlet-api:4.0.1")// 文件依赖示例implementation(files("lib/custom-lib.jar"))
}

2.3 插件转换对照表

​​Spring Boot项目配置：​​

plugins {id("org.springframework.boot") version "3.1.5"id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.3"
}tasks.named<BootJar>("bootJar") {archiveBaseName = "my-app"archiveVersion = "1.0.0"
}

2.4 多模块项目配置

​​根项目配置 (settings.gradle.kts):​​

rootProject.name = "parent.project"
include("module-core","module-web","module-service:submodule-a",  // 支持嵌套模块"module-service:submodule-b"
)

​​子模块依赖配置:​​

// module-web/build.gradle.kts
dependencies {implementation(project(":core"))implementation("com.google.guava:guava:32.1.3-jre")
}

三、性能优化方案

3.1 构建加速配置

// 启用配置缓存（Gradle 8.0+）
tasks.withType<ConfigurationCache> {mode = ConfigurationCache.Mode.REMOTE
}// 分布式缓存配置
buildCache {remote<HttpBuildCache> {url = uri("https://cache.internal")credentials {username = "cache-user"password = "secret"}}
}

3.2 常见问题解决方案

四、验证与调试

4.1 构建验证流程

# 清洁构建
./gradlew clean build# 测试验证
./gradlew test --info       # 显示测试日志
./gradlew test --continue   # 继续执行失败后的测试# 产物检查
unzip -l build/libs/my-app.jar  # 检查JAR内容
jar tf build/libs/my-app.war    # 检查WAR内容

4.2 依赖分析工具

# 生成依赖树
./gradlew :module-name:dependencies > deps.txt# 可视化依赖报告
./gradlew htmlDependencyReport  # 生成HTML报告# 依赖冲突检测
./gradlew dependencyInsight --dependency guava --configuration runtimeClasspath

4.3 构建扫描分析

./gradlew build --scan

​​关键指标检查：​​

• 任务执行时间分布
• 依赖下载时间
• 缓存命中率
• 配置时间占比

五、迁移后优化建议

5.1 构建脚本重构

// settings.gradle.kts
dependencyResolutionManagement {repositories {mavenCentral()google()maven { url = uri("https://plugins.gradle.org/m2/") }}
}

5.2 CI/CD 集成示例

# .github/workflows/build.yml
jobs:build:runs-on: ubuntu-lateststeps:- uses: actions/checkout@v4- name: Setup JDKuses: actions/setup-java@v3with:java-version: '17'- name: Gradle Buildrun: ./gradlew build --scanenv:GRADLE_OPTS: "-Dorg.gradle.caching=true"

5.3 监控仪表盘配置

./gradlew build --scan --metrics
# 生成包含以下指标的报告：
# - 任务执行时间分布
# - 依赖下载耗时
# - 内存使用峰值
# - 配置时间占比