1. 哈希：49、128
（1）49 字母异位词分组 -- 字典
from collections import defaultdict
class Solution(object):def groupAnagrams(self, strs):"""创建字典{sorted_string：原str}"""results=defaultdict(list)for word in strs:key = "".join(sorted(word))results[key].append(word)return results.values()（2）128 最长连续序列 -- 集合
class Solution(object):def longestConsecutive(self, nums):if len(nums)==0: return 0max_len = 0num_set = set(nums)while num_set:cur_num = num_set.pop()cur_len = 1lower = cur_num-1while lower in num_set:num_set.remove(lower)lower -= 1cur_len += 1higher = cur_num + 1while higher in num_set:num_set.remove(higher)higher += 1cur_len += 1max_len = max(max_len,cur_len)return max_len2. 二分查找：34、33
（1）34 在排序数组中查找元素的第一个和最后一个位置
class Solution(object):def searchRange(self, nums, target):n = len(nums)if n==0: return [-1,-1]left,right = 0, n-1while left<=right:mid = (left+right)//2if nums[mid]<target:left = mid+1elif nums[mid]>target:right = mid-1else: start=end=midwhile start>0 and nums[start-1]==target:start -= 1while end<n-1 and nums[end+1]==target:end += 1return [start,end]return [-1,-1]（2）33 搜索旋转排序数组
方法一：两次二分，先找旋转点
class Solution(object):def find(self,nums,target,left,right):while left<=right:mid = (left+right)//2if nums[mid]==target:return midelif nums[mid]<target:left = mid+1else:right = mid-1return -1def search(self, nums, target):"""第一次二分查找最小值位置"""left,right = 0,len(nums)-1while left<right:mid = (left+right)//2if nums[mid]>nums[right]:left = mid+1else:right = mid ## mid对应的可能是最小值rotate = left"""根据旋转点确定在哪个有序区间进行二分查找"""if rotate==0:## 旋转点在开头return self.find(nums, target, 0, len(nums)-1)elif nums[0]<=target:## 目标值在左半部分（较大值部分）return self.find(nums, target, 0, rotate-1)else:## 目标值在右半部分（较小值部分）return self.find(nums, target, rotate, len(nums)-1)方法二：一次二分查找
class Solution(object):def search(self, nums, target):left,right = 0,len(nums)-1while left <= right:mid = (left+right)//2if nums[mid]==target:return mid"""左半部分有序"""if nums[left]<=nums[mid]:if nums[left]<=target<nums[mid]:right = mid-1else:left = mid+1"""右半部分有序"""if nums[mid]<=nums[right]:if nums[mid]<target<=nums[right]:left = mid+1else:right = mid-1return -13. 回溯：39、22、79、131
（1）39 组合总和
- 当组合中允许元素重复：则迭代的起始值就是i，每次递增
- 当组合中不允许重复：迭代的起始值是i + 1，每次递增
- 当这是排列不是组合：迭代的起始值是传进去的start（初始位），每次都从头开始遍历所有元素
class Solution(object):def combinationSum(self, candidates, target):def backtrack(start, cur_result, cur_sum):if cur_sum==target:results.append(cur_result[:])returnfor i in range(start,len(candidates)):num = candidates[i]"""剪枝：如果当前和加上数字超过目标值，跳过后续更大的数字"""if cur_sum+num>target:break"""选择当前数字"""cur_result.append(num)cur_sum += num"""递归：从当前索引开始（允许重复使用）"""backtrack(i,cur_result,cur_sum)"""回溯：撤销当前数字的选择"""cur_result.pop()cur_sum -= numresults=[]candidates = sorted(candidates)backtrack(0,[],0)return results（2）22 括号生成
class Solution(object):def generateParenthesis(self, n):def backtrack(cur_result,left,right):if len(cur_result)==2*n:results.append(cur_result[:])return"""左括号数量＜n，添加左括号（直到n）"""if left<n:backtrack(cur_result+'(',left+1,right)"""右括号数量＜左括号数量，添加右括号直到一样（匹配）"""if right<left:backtrack(cur_result+')',left,right+1)results = []backtrack("",0,0)return results（3）79 单词搜索
class Solution(object):def exist(self, board, word):m,n = len(board),len(board[0])directions = [(0,1),(0,-1),(1,0),(-1,0)]def backtrack(row,col,word_index):"""若完全匹配（当前index与word长度相同）→True"""if word_index==len(word):return True"""不匹配的情况/超出边界 → False"""if row<0 or row>=m or col<0 or col>=n or board[row][col]!=word[word_index]:return False"""标记当前位置已访问"""temp = board[row][col]board[row][col] = "0""""查找四个方向"""for dr,dc in directions:if backtrack(row+dr,col+dc,word_index+1):return True """回溯：恢复单元格原始值"""board[row][col] = tempreturn Falsefor i in range(m):for j in range(n):if backtrack(i,j,0):return Truereturn False（4）131 分割回文串
class Solution(object):def partition(self, s):def isPalindrome(s):i,j = 0,len(s)-1while i<j:if s[i]==s[j]:i+=1j-=1else:return Falsereturn Truedef backtrack(start,cur_result):"""当遍历到字符串末尾时，保存当前分割方案"""if start==len(s):results.append(cur_result[:])return"""尝试所有可能的结束位置"""for end in range(start+1,len(s)+1):substr = s[start:end]"""如果当前子串是回文，继续分割剩余部分s[end:]"""if isPalindrome(substr):cur_result.append(substr)backtrack(end,cur_result)cur_result.pop()results=[]backtrack(0,[])return results 
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